RESUMEN
Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Orientación hacia la Dominancia Social (SDO), en una muestra no universitaria de la ciudad de Arica, Chile, implementando técnicas psicométricas de acuerdo con el estado del arte disciplinar. El muestreo fue no probabilístico, por conveniencia y disponibilidad de 812 participantes, entre edades de 18 a 89 años. Se realizaron estimaciones de fiabilidad, análisis factoriales confirmatorios y modelos de ecuaciones estructurales exploratorios, contrastando diferentes modelos. Los resultados proporcionaron evidencia de validez basada en la estructura interna de la prueba, presentando buen ajuste de la estructura de la SDO (RMSEA=.076; CFI=.963; TLI=.956), y adecuados niveles estimados de fiabilidad (Oposición a la Igualdad: α=.85, ω=.84; Dominancia Grupal: α =.67, ω =.66). Finalmente, se concluye que las puntuaciones de la escala SDO poseen evidencia suficiente para sustentar su uso e interpretación, en población no universitaria equivalente a la del presente estudio.
Abstract The objective of this research is to analyze the psychometric properties of the Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) Scale in a non-university sample of the city of Arica, Chile, implementing psychometric techniques according to the state of disciplinary art. The sampling was non-probabilistic due to the convenience and availability of 812 participants in a range of ages from 18 to 89 years. To contrast different models were performed reliability estimates, confirmatory factorial analyses, and exploratory structural equation models. The results provided evidence of validity based on the internal structure of the test, presenting good adjustment of the SDO structure (RMSEA=.076; CFI=.963; TLI=.956), and estimated adequate levels of reliability (Opposition to the Equality: α=.85, ω=.84, Group dominance: α =.67, ω =.66). Finally, the research concluded that the scores of the SDO scale have sufficient evidence to support its use and interpretation, in a non-university population equivalent to that of the present study.
RESUMEN
The aim of this study was to translate the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS) and Aging Perceptions Questionnaire (APQ) for older adults into Brazilian Portuguese, and evaluate the psychometric properties of these instruments. A sample of 606 participants aged 60 to 98 years were recruited from hospitals, rest homes, physical activity centers, leisure centers, churches/religious institutions and from the general community. All participants were personally invited and voluntarily accepted to participate in the research. A confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit to the original APQ model and to a new bidimensional model for BAS after excluding some items. We also observed satisfactory evidence of internal consistency, convergent, discriminant, concurrent and divergent validity. Regarding validity, significant variation of scores from the two scales in both, physically active and sedentary participants was herein highlighted. In conclusion, the BAS and APQ appear to be valid and reliable scales for Brazilian researchers to study older adults...
"Validade de escalas de imagem corporal para idosos brasileiros." O objetivo deste estudo foi traduzir e validar a Body Appreciation Scale (BAS) e Aging Perception Questionnaire (APQ) para idosos brasileiros. Uma amostra de 606 participantes, de 60 a 98 anos, foram recrutados de hospitais, casas de repouso, centros de atividade física e lazer, instituições religiosas e comunidade. Os idosos foram convidados a participar da pesquisa voluntariamente. A Análise fatorial confirmatória mostrou, após a eliminação de alguns itens, um bom ajuste para o modelo original da APQ e para um novo modelo bifatorial da BAS. Evidências satisfatórias de consistência interna, validade convergente, discriminante, concorrente e divergente foram aqui observadas. Em relação a esta última, destaca-se a variação significativa nos escores das duas escalas entre os participantes fisicamente ativos e sedentários. A BAS e a APQ parecem ser instrumentos válidos e confiáveis para uso de pesquisadores brasileiros em estudos sobre o tema em idosos...
"Validez de las escalas de la imagen corporal de ancianos brasileños." El objetivo de este estudio fue traducir la a Body Appreciation Scale (BAS) y Aging Perception Questionnaire (APQ) para los ancianos en el portugués de Brasil y evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas. Una muestra de 606 participantes , de 60 a 98 años , fueron reclutados de hospitales, casas de reposo, centros de actividad física , centros de ocio , iglesias / instituciones religiosas y la comunidad en general . Todos los participantes fueron invitados por vía oral y voluntariamente participaron en la investigación. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró un buen ajuste a lo modelo originale de APQ y a lo modelo bidimensional de BAS, después de la eliminación de algunos artículos. También se observó evidencia satisfactoria de la consistencia interna, de validez convergente, discriminante, concurrente y discriminante. Respecto a esto último, hay que destacar la variación significativa en las puntuaciones de las dos escalas entre los participantes físicamente activos y sedentarios. En conclusión , la BAS y el APQ parecen ser escalas válidas y fiables para su uso por los investigadores brasileños para el estudio de las personas mayores...
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Anciano , Imagen CorporalRESUMEN
A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar a percepção dos gestores, servidores e estagiários acerca das ações do Programa de Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho (PQVT) de um órgão público. Para tanto, foram realizados três estudos, sendo um quantitativo e dois qualitativos. No primeiro deles, foi construída e validada uma escala para avaliar a ginástica laboral, principal atividade do programa, a qual foi aplicada a uma amostra de conveniência de 623 trabalhadores. A análise fatorial dos eixos principais com rotação promax indicou a existência de quatro fatores: professores (a= 0,89, 7 itens), relacionamento entre os colegas (a= 0,77, 5 itens), benefícios da ginástica laboral (a= 0,74, 5 itens) e método de trabalho (a= 0,58, 4 itens). O segundo estudo foi realizado com 21 estagiários do PQVT e mostrou que estes percebem que sua participação nas ações do programa auxilia em sua formação profissional. O terceiro foi realizado com gestores e servidores, e revelou que ambos conhecem e valorizam todas as ações do programa, contudo, pontuam a excessiva demanda de trabalho e a falta de infraestrutura como lacunas do mesmo. Os resultados dos estudos quantitativo e qualitativo foram complementares, e os achados, discutidos à luz da teoria.(AU)
The objective of this research was to examine the perception of managers, workers and trainees about the actions of the Program of Quality of Life at Work (QVT) of a public organization. To this end, three studies were undertaken, a quantitative and two qualitative. In the first of them a scale to assess the perception or workers about the stretch-break, the main activity of the QVT program, was built and validated. The instrument was applied to a convenience sample of 623 workers. The factor analysis with rotation promax indicated the existence of four factors: teachers (a= 0.89, 7 items), the relationship between workers (a = 0,77, 5 items), the labor benefits of stretch-break (a= 0.74, 5 items) and the method of work (a= 0,58, 4 items). The second study conducted with trainees showed that they realize that their participation in the program assists actions in their vocational training. A third one held with managers and workers showed that they know and value all the actions of the program, however, excessive labor demand and lack of infrastructure were seen as gaps. The results of the quantitative and qualitative studies and findings were discussed in the light of the theory.(AU)
La presente investigación ha tenido como objetivo general analizar la percepción de los gestores, servidores y de estudiantes en prácticas acerca de las acciones del Programa de Calidad de Vida en el Trabajo (PCVT) de un órgano público. Para tanto, se han llevado a cabo tres estudios: un cuantitativo y dos cualitativos. En el primero de ellos, ha sido construida y validada una escala para evaluar la gimnasia laboral, principal actividad del programa, la cual ha sido aplicada a una muestra de conveniencia de 623 trabajadores. El análisis factorial de los ejes principales con rotación promax ha señalado la existencia de cuatro factores: profesores (a = 0,89, 7 ítems), relacionamiento entre los compañeros de trabajo (a= 0,77, 5 ítems), beneficios de la gimnasia laboral (a = 0,74, 5 ítems) y método de trabajo (a = 0,58, 4 ítems). El segundo estudio ha sido llevado a cabo con 21 estudiantes en prácticas del PCTV y ha demostrado que éstos se dan cuenta de que su participación en las acciones del programa auxilia en su formación profesional. El tercero ha sido llevado a cabo con gestores y servidores, y ha revelado que ambos conocen y valoran todas las acciones del programa. Sin embargo, señalan la excesiva demanda de trabajo y la falta de infraestructura, como huecos en él. Los resultados de los estudios cuantitativo y cualitativo han sido complementarios, y los hallazgos, discutidos a la luz de la teoría.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Calidad de Vida , Lugar de Trabajo , Condiciones de Trabajo , Investigación Cualitativa , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , PsicologíaRESUMEN
A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar a percepção dos gestores, servidores e estagiários acerca das ações do Programa de Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho (PQVT) de um órgão público. Para tanto, foram realizados três estudos, sendo um quantitativo e dois qualitativos. No primeiro deles, foi construída e validada uma escala para avaliar a ginástica laboral, principal atividade do programa, a qual foi aplicada a uma amostra de conveniência de 623 trabalhadores. A análise fatorial dos eixos principais com rotação promax indicou a existência de quatro fatores: professores (a= 0,89, 7 itens), relacionamento entre os colegas (a= 0,77, 5 itens), benefícios da ginástica laboral (a= 0,74, 5 itens) e método de trabalho (a= 0,58, 4 itens). O segundo estudo foi realizado com 21 estagiários do PQVT e mostrou que estes percebem que sua participação nas ações do programa auxilia em sua formação profissional. O terceiro foi realizado com gestores e servidores, e revelou que ambos conhecem e valorizam todas as ações do programa, contudo, pontuam a excessiva demanda de trabalho e a falta de infraestrutura como lacunas do mesmo. Os resultados dos estudos quantitativo e qualitativo foram complementares, e os achados, discutidos à luz da teoria...
The objective of this research was to examine the perception of managers, workers and trainees about the actions of the Program of Quality of Life at Work (QVT) of a public organization. To this end, three studies were undertaken, a quantitative and two qualitative. In the first of them a scale to assess the perception or workers about the stretch-break, the main activity of the QVT program, was built and validated. The instrument was applied to a convenience sample of 623 workers. The factor analysis with rotation promax indicated the existence of four factors: teachers (a= 0.89, 7 items), the relationship between workers (a = 0,77, 5 items), the labor benefits of stretch-break (a= 0.74, 5 items) and the method of work (a= 0,58, 4 items). The second study conducted with trainees showed that they realize that their participation in the program assists actions in their vocational training. A third one held with managers and workers showed that they know and value all the actions of the program, however, excessive labor demand and lack of infrastructure were seen as gaps. The results of the quantitative and qualitative studies and findings were discussed in the light of the theory...
La presente investigación ha tenido como objetivo general analizar la percepción de los gestores, servidores y de estudiantes en prácticas acerca de las acciones del Programa de Calidad de Vida en el Trabajo (PCVT) de un órgano público. Para tanto, se han llevado a cabo tres estudios: un cuantitativo y dos cualitativos. En el primero de ellos, ha sido construida y validada una escala para evaluar la gimnasia laboral, principal actividad del programa, la cual ha sido aplicada a una muestra de conveniencia de 623 trabajadores. El análisis factorial de los ejes principales con rotación promax ha señalado la existencia de cuatro factores: profesores (a = 0,89, 7 ítems), relacionamiento entre los compañeros de trabajo (a= 0,77, 5 ítems), beneficios de la gimnasia laboral (a = 0,74, 5 ítems) y método de trabajo (a = 0,58, 4 ítems). El segundo estudio ha sido llevado a cabo con 21 estudiantes en prácticas del PCTV y ha demostrado que éstos se dan cuenta de que su participación en las acciones del programa auxilia en su formación profesional. El tercero ha sido llevado a cabo con gestores y servidores, y ha revelado que ambos conocen y valoran todas las acciones del programa. Sin embargo, señalan la excesiva demanda de trabajo y la falta de infraestructura, como huecos en él. Los resultados de los estudios cuantitativo y cualitativo han sido complementarios, y los hallazgos, discutidos a la luz de la teoría...
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , Investigación Cualitativa , Calidad de Vida , Condiciones de Trabajo , Lugar de Trabajo , PsicologíaRESUMEN
According to studies conducted in different countries, it is estimated that approximately 30% to 50% of people with mental health problems are not recognized by the general practitioner. Given this situation, it has been proposed that the practitioner at the primary care services must play a decisive role in the early detection of cases by establishing a definitive diagnostic and a timely treatment. Several organizations have pointed out that one of the first actions that need to be implemented to fulfill the aims in the care of people with mental disorders is to prepare the first-contact doctors and to have a brief, low cost, self-applied, valid and reliable scale. The studies mention that using screening tests at the primary care level is crucial for the success of the programs. The detection and recognition of psychiatric symptomatology rates vary depending on the type of scale applied. The tools that have been widely used are the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, the Depression Symptom Checklist (DS 20), the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL), the Hamilton Depression Scale, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), the self-administered computerized assessment (PROQSY), the criteria of the 3rd revised edition of the Diagnostical and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R), the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), and the criteria of the Symptom Driven Diagnostic System for Primary Care (SDDS-PC), among others. The preliminary results confirm the existence of a high percentage of possible psychiatric cases (46.9%), but only 4% of cases are referral. The low capability of the general practitioner at the primary care level in detecting these pathologies has been confirmed as well. These scales have been applied in different scenarios and to different types of population. Although the dominating criteria for choosing the tool are sensitivity and specificity, some authors mention that strategies for adequately handling cases, such as the confirmation of the diagnosis and follow-up of the patients, are required once the treatment has started. In this paper, we present the psychometric characteristics of the Kessler (K-10) scale in detecting depression and anxiety disorders in the primary care. Material and methods The study is a methodological process that aims to validate the Kessler Psychological Distress scale (K-10). It was conducted in two health care centers of primary care level in Mexico City. The subjects were 280 individuals who requested attention at the mentioned centers and to whom the K-10 test was applied after giving their informed consent. Later on, the computerized version of the International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), which uses the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-IV, was applied to the subjects in order to confirm the diagnostics for depression and anxiety. The MINI is a version adapted to Latin American Spanish by the National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz. The diagnostic accuracy was processed following the MINI diagnoses for depression and anxiety closely, and the scores on the scale K-10 as a predictor. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated for all possible cut points in order to establish the optimal cut off point. The efficiency and maximum likelihood ratios were also calculated. The area under the ROC curve as well as the probability quotients, positive and negative (LR+ and LR-), were also calculated. The K-10 is a brief screening tool that can be easily applied by the primary care personnel which measures the psychological distress of a person during the four weeks prior to the application. It consists of ten questions with Likert-like answers that range from 1 to 5 and are categorized in a five level ordinal scale: Always, Very Often, Sometimes, Rarely, Never; where «Never¼ has an assigned value of 1, and «Always¼ has assigned value of 5. It has a minimum score of 10 and a maximum of 50. The ranges of the instrument are four levels: low (10-15), moderate (16-21), high (22-29) and very high (30-50). The instrument showed an internal consistency of 0.90 and it has been used in various population studies promoted by the World Health Organization as well as government organizations in Australia, Spain, Colombia and Peru. Results Out of 280 individuals to whom the tool was applied, 78.9% (221) were female and 21.1% (59) male. These values represent the proportion of patients attending the primary care services (95% confidence interval=±5.4%). The mean age of women was 39 years, and the mean age of men was 41. The 70.6% of the women manifested more psychological distress than men (52.5%)[χ2(1)=6.05,p=0.014. No other socio-demographic variable showed significant differences. The instrument is highly precise, it can detect up to 87% of depression cases, and 82.4% of anxiety cases. The scale was compared with the MINI and it presented a prevalence of 26.8% and 10.6%, respectively. Of the total of depression cases, 26.4% also presented anxiety; these represent a co-morbidity of 5.4%. The construct validity presented one factor alone that explains the 53.4% of the total variance, this is why the scale is considered as one-dimensional. In other words, the scale only measures the construct of the psychological distress. The internal consistency was α=0.901. Once the sensitivity and specificity for all cut off points had been determined using the MINI as a golden rule, it was observed that the cut off point for maximum sensitivity and specificity corresponded to 21 for the diagnosis of depression, and 22 for anxiety. Conclusions The K-10 is a good instrument for the detection of depression and anxiety cases at the primary care level which meets the criteria of validity and reliability. However, given that only one diagnosis was considered for all the range of anxiety disorders, the scale must be chosen carefully for all the other disorders that are not included in this paper. The use of the instrument is recommended for the general practitioners at the primary care level, mainly for diagnosing depression. Various studies in which other screening instruments have been used for the detection of depressive disorder at primary care point out that any screening method are useful in making the diagnosis. By using these instruments, the depression diagnosis at primary care level increases from 10% to 47%. The latter supports the fact that the selection of a good instrument turns out to be effective in detection, treatment and clinical outcomes of the entity. Since this recommendation is only one of the activities required in primary care level for good handling of detected cases, it is noteworthy to mention that a comprehensive care model that encompasses both the detection as well as the pharmacological and psychosocial treatments is required.
De acuerdo con estudios realizados en diferentes países se estima que aproximadamente hay entre 30% a 50% de personas que presentan algún problema de salud mental que no es reconocido por el médico general. En virtud de esta situación se ha propuesto como estrategia a la atención primaria como base del sistema de salud, lo que permitiría la detección temprana de pacientes con algún trastorno psiquiátrico. Diferentes organismos señalan que una de las primeras acciones para cumplir con los objetivos en la atención de personas con algún trastorno mental, consiste en contar con una escala breve, autoaplicable, válida y confiable y de bajo costo. En este trabajo se presentan las características psicométricas de la escala Kessler (K-10) para detectar trastornos depresivos y ansiosos. La K-10 es un instrumento de tamizaje breve y de fácil aplicación por el personal del primer nivel de atención y ha sido utilizada en diferentes estudios a nivel poblacional. En Australia, en 1997, se aplicó la K-10 en una encuesta de salud, por medio del Consejo Nacional de Encuestas de Salud Mental. Material y métodos Se trata de un estudio de proceso metodológico, cuyo objetivo fue la validación de la escala de malestar psicológico K-10 de Kessler. El estudio se llevó a cabo en dos Centros de Salud del primer nivel de atención en la Ciudad de México. Los participantes fueron 280 personas que acudieron a la consulta externa de dichos centros. Se utilizaron los criterios del DSM-IV para la confirmación del diagnóstico de depresión y de ansiedad, por medio de la Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), en su versión computarizada, adaptada al español latinoamericano en el Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz. La validez diagnóstica se procesó utilizando los diagnósticos de la MINI para depresión y ansiedad como regla de oro y las puntuaciones obtenidas en la escala K-10 como predictor. Se calculó la sensibilidad y especificidad para todos los posibles puntos de corte con el fin de establecer el óptimo. Se calculó adicionalmente la eficiencia y las razones de máxima verosimilitud, así como el área bajo la curva ROC y los cocientes de probabilidad, positivo y negativo (LR+ y LR-). Resultados Del total de personas a quiénes se les aplicó la escala, el 78.9% (221) fueron mujeres y 21.1% (59) hombres. Estos valores representan la proporción en que los pacientes acuden a los servicios de primer nivel (IC 95%=±5.4%). El 70.6% de las mujeres presentaron mayor malestar psicológico en comparación con los hombres que representaron el 52.5% [χ²(1)=6.05,p=0.014]. En ninguna otra variable socio-demográfica se presentaron diferencias significativas. El instrumento tiene una alta precisión, ya que puede detectar hasta el 87% de los casos de depresión y un 82.4% de los casos de ansiedad. La escala se comparó con el MINI en español y presentó una prevalencia de 26.8% y 26.4%, respectivamente. Conclusiones El instrumento cumple con los criterios de validez y confiabilidad, por lo que se recomienda su uso por los médicos generales en el primer nivel de atención. Dado que esta recomendación sólo es una de las actividades que se requieren en la atención primaria para un buen manejo de los casos que se detecten, es necesario señalar que se requiere de un modelo de atención integral que incorpore tanto la detección como el tratamiento farmacológico y psicosocial.
